Abstract Background: The appearance and spread of carbapenems-resistant Enterobacterales have generated a major impact on health care-associated infections worldwide. Recently, a Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak expressing OXA-48 like-carbapenemases was detected in Chile, the first reported cases corresponded to hospitalized patients mainly from northern Chile. Aim: To characterize the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility of 16 clinical isolates referred during May 2021 from Antofagasta and Metropolitan regions to the Reference Laboratory of Instituto de Salud Publica. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility of all strains was analyzed using traditional (Kirby-Bauer and epsilometry) and automated methods, and complemented with colorimetric, immunochromatographic and molecular (PCR and PFGE) techniques. Results: As a result of the genetic characterization, blaoxa-48 and blaoxa-232 genes were detected, showing the isolates an unusual resistance profile to both carbapenems (ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem) and cephalosporins (cefepime, cefotaxime, and ceftazidine), as well as piperacillin/ tazobactam and temocillin. Two subtypes were detected by PFGE, with a predominant clone CL-Kpn-Spe-329 (93.8%), with two resistance mechanisms identified: carbapenemase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Conclusion: Due to this epidemiological alert, it is essential the establishment of national guidelines for early detection, surveillance, and control of future outbreaks of OXA-48 like carbapenemases isolates.

Resumen Introducción: La aparición y diseminación de Enterobacterales resistentes a carbapenémicos ha generado un gran impacto en las infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud en el mundo. Recientemente, en Chile se detectó un brote por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasas tipo oxacilinasas (OXA) de la subfamilia tipo OXA-48, reportándose los primeros casos en pacientes hospitalizados mayoritariamente en la zona norte del país. Objetivo: Determinar los perfiles fenotípicos, genotípicos y de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de 16 cepas referidas durante mayo del año 2021 desde las regiones de Antofagasta y Metropolitana al Laboratorio de Referencia del Instituto de Salud Pública. Metodología: Las cepas provenientes de muestras clínicas fueron analizadas mediante técnicas tradicionales (Kirby-Bauer y epsilometría) y automatizadas, además de técnicas colorimétricas, inmunocromatográficas y moleculares (RPC y PFGE). Resultados: Se detectó la presencia de los genes blaoxa-48 y blaoxa-232 con una resistencia inusual, tanto a carbapenémicos (ertapenem, imipenem y meropenem) como a cefalosporinas (cefepime, cefotaxima y ceftazidima), además de piperacilina/tazobactam y temocilina. Se detectaron dos subtipos por PFGE, siendo predominante el clon CL-Kpn-Spe-329 (93,8%) con dos mecanismos de resistencia identificados: carbapenemasa y β-lactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE). Conclusión: Ante esta alerta epidemiológica es necesario unificar criterios existentes en la red asistencial nacional para la oportuna detección, vigilancia y control de posibles brotes de cepas productores de oxacilinasa tipo OXA-48.

Antecedentes: El estrés crónico ha demostrado tener efectos a corto y largo plazo en el desarrollo infantil y adolescente, especialmente si el estrés no es mediado por el cuidado adulto responsable. Objetivo: Evaluar la percepción de capacidad de respuesta, demanda y monitoreo parental en adolescentes de séptimo año básico. Material y Métodos: Se aplicó la Escala Parental Breve (desarrollada y validada localmente) consultando 12 ítems en relación a 3 dimensiones: capacidad de respuesta, demanda y monitoreo a 524 estudiantes de séptimo año básico de 12 años de edad (48% mujeres) de ocho establecimientos educacionales públicos y privados de Santiago. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta promedio fue de 85%. Si bien los puntajes fueron superiores para madres, se verifica una gradiente significativamente constante para las mismas dimensiones (demanda > capacidad de respuesta > monitoreo) en ambas figuras parentales. Conclusiones: La principal hipótesis que emerge de nuestro estudio es que los adolescentes parecen percibir una discrepancia en términos de una relativa alta demanda de las figuras parentales y menor monitoreo por parte de estos hacia ellos. Otros aspectos que se deben profundizar están relacionados con las diferencias observadas entre los niveles de involucramiento de padres o madres y lo posiblemente reportado por niños/niñas sobre estas experiencias.

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic stress has short and long-term consequences during child and adolescent development if the stress is not mediated by adult care-giving. Aim: To assess the perceptions of parental responsiveness, demand, and monitoring among seventh grade students. Material and Methods: We applied the Brief Parental Scale (developed and validated locally) asking 12 items about three dimensions, namely responsiveness, demand, and monitoring to 524 seventh grade students aged 12 years, 48% females, from eight public and private schools at Santiago. Results: The overall response rate was 85%. While the scores were higher for mothers, a significantly constant gradient for the same dimensions (demand > responsiveness > monitoring) was verified for both parents. Conclusions: The main hypothesis emerged from our study is that adolescents seem to perceive a discrepancy in terms of a relatively high demand and lower monitoring from parents/guardians towards them. The differences between fathers and mothers in adolescent care and the different perceptions by gender of adolescents about parental caregiving, require a further analysis.

Abstract Integrated Nutrition Management (INM) is a concept developed during the last decade in fruit agroecosystems based on the application of organic matter, biostimulants, and adjusted chemical fertilization to improve soil quality, plant rhizogenesis, and nutrition. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the application of the INM concept on the recovery of decayed orchards. The present study was focused on the evaluation of the effects of INM on soil and plant quality changes as recovery indicators of a decayed pear orchard. Two treatments (T1: conventional, T2: INM) were evaluated under three tree vigor levels, during two growing seasons. Old pear trees were used in a factorial experiment of two treatments (control and INM) x three vigor levels, based on a previous aerial Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image. Soil properties, nutrient leaf contents, and NDVI were evaluated. Soil chemical and biological properties and their spatial variability were determined after two and five years of treatment application, respectively. The INM improved β-glucosidase activity, reduced bulk density, and increased soil porosity. Furthermore, nutrient indices (NDVI x N, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, and B) were significantly increased under INM. After two years, soil chemical properties and root density were improved by INM. A significantly higher yield, soil organic matter, soluble C, and dehydrogenase activity was observed with INM after five growing seasons. The results indicated that INM is a sustainable alternative for recovering decayed orchards, through the inclusion of good-quality organic matter within the management program.

Abstract This article presents the question about the philosophical meaning of "transcend" (transcendere) to God in Nicolás of Cusas philosophical thought and the meaning of the methodological aspects of intellectual "ascent" (transcensus) proposed by the author in first book of De docta ignorantia. The article has focused (i) on Nicholas de Cusas theological-philosophical speculation about the incomprehensibility of God and (ii) on the methodical use that the author proposes of geometric-mathematical figures. This framework allows (iii) to offer a critical point to the methodical proposal of the transsumptio in relation to the legitimacy of the last moment of cusanian ascent in axiom: ad incomprehensibilia per transcensum.

Resumen En este artículo se aborda la cuestión acerca del significado filosófico del "transcender" (tran scenderé) hacia Dios en el pensamiento de Nicolás de Cusa (1401-1464) y el sentido de los aspectos metodológicos del "ascenso" (transcensus) intelectivo propuesto por el autor en el libro primero de De docta ignorantia (1440). Para lograrlo, el artículo enmarca primeramente (i) en la especulación teológico-filosófica de Nicolás de Cusa acerca de la incomprensibilidad de Dios y (ii) en la utilización metódica que el autor propone de figuras geométrico-matemáticas. Este marco permite (iii) ofrecer un apunte crítico a la propuesta metódica de la transsumptio en relación a la legitimidad del último momento del ascenso de la docta ignorancia cusana en el axioma: ad incomprehensibilia per transcensum (hacia lo incomprensible por medio de un ascenso).

Background: Healthcare personnel are a high-risk group for acquiring COVID-19 disease. They represent 4 to 20% of the total number of cases reported in different geographical areas. Aim: To describe an epidemiological surveillance strategy to detect symptoms compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection and early case detection among healthcare personnel at a university hospital. Patients and Methods: We assessed 209 healthcare workers reporting symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 in a telephone counseling system. After a structured evaluation, the suggestions ranged from having a SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab PCR test, consulting in the emergency room or at outpatient clinic or returning to work. Results: In 61% of assessed workers a coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab PCR was requested and 28 (22%) were positive. In a multivariate analysis, the clinical variables associated with a positive PCR test were the presence of fever, sudden loss of smell or taste, and a history of contact with a COVID-19 positive case. Conclusions: The telephone symptom monitoring program allowed the early detection of a significant number of healthcare officials with acute respiratory infection due to coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, it is easy to implement and has a low cost.

RESUMO Foi realizada uma série de experimentos para estabelecer e avaliar o potencial de carvão ativado produzido de resíduos de café por meio de um processo de adsorção na depuração do lixiviado de aterro sanitário. Foram estudados diferentes reagentes para a ativação do carvão: HCl, HCl + H2O2, H3PO4, H3PO4 + H2O2, todos com taxa de impregnação de 1:1. O carvão que apresentou os melhores resultados foi ativado com H3PO4, obtendo uma eliminação de 51,0; 32,8; 66,0; 81,0; e 97,1% de demanda química de oxigênio e concentração de amônia, cloro total, bromo e cobre, respetivamente. O referido carvão ativado tem uma área total de poro de 4,85 m2/g e diâmetro médio de poro de 65,32 micrômetros. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da carga de adsorção e do tempo de contato, foram colocadas diferentes cargas desse carvão em um sistema de agitação em contato com o lixiviado de aterro sanitário. Observou-se que a concentração de amônia diminuiu e que sua remoção foi maior à medida que a carga adsorvente aumentava. No entanto, a quantidade adsorvida por unidade de massa diminuiu com o aumento da dosagem. Os dados experimentais adequaram-se corretamente ao modelo de isoterma de Freundlich, obtendo-se valores de R2 de 0,95, 1/n de 0,5183, e um valor de K de 7,08*10-5 L/g, considerados favoráveis para o processo de adsorção.

ABSTRACT A set of experiments were carried out in order to establish and evaluate the potential of activated carbon, produced from coffee waste in adsorption process, in the depuration of landfill leachate. Different reagents were studied in the activation of carbon: HCl, HCl + H2O2, H3PO4, H3PO4 + H2O2, all with an impregnation rate of 1:1. The activated carbon that showed the best global results was activated with H3PO4, obtaining a 51.0, 32.8, 66.0, 81.0 and 97.1% elimination of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, total chlorine, bromine and copper, respectively. This activated carbon has a total pore area of 4.85 m2/g and a median pore diameter of 65.32 micrometers. When different loads of this carbon were placed in a stirrer system in contact with landfill leachate, with the aim of evaluating the effect of the adsorption load and contact time, the concentration of ammonia decreased from the beginning of the adsorption process to the end of it, and the removal of ammonia increased with the increase in the adsorbent load. However, the trend of the amount adsorbed per unit mass decreased with increased dosage. The model Freundlich equilibrium isotherm fits experimental data adequately, giving R2 values of 0.95, 1/n of 0.5183, and a K value of 7.08*10-5 L/g, being favourable for adsorption process.

ABSTRACT Intraosseous lipoma are a rare mesenchymal tumor that occurs primarily in the appendicular skeleton. Skull presentation is a rare finding, and only 6 cases have been described in literature so far of lipomas that compromise the sphenoclival region. In general, they are asymptomatic and occur as incidental findings in imaging studies. We present the case of a 22-year-old patient who consulted for nasal obstruction and mucous rhinorrhea of three weeks of evolution. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a lesion in the sphenoclival region suggestive of intraosseous lipoma. Histopathological study was not performed. Regarding management, radiological follow-up was decided. A second MRI was taken 4 months later, with no significant changes.

RESUMEN El lipoma intraóseo es un tumor mesenquimatoso poco frecuente que se presenta principalmente en el esqueleto apendicular. La localización dentro del cráneo, es aún más rara, y hasta la fecha solo se han descrito 6 casos en la literatura de lipomas intraóseos que comprometen la región esfenoclival. Por lo general, no presenta ningún síntoma y es un hallazgo incidental en el estudio de imágenes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 22 años de edad que consulta por obstrucción nasal y rinorrea mucosa de tres semanas de evolución. La tomografía computarizada y resonancia nuclear magnética evidenciaron una lesión en la región esfenoclival con características sugerentes de lipoma intraóseo. No se realiza estudio histopatológico. Con respecto al manejo, se decide hacer seguimiento radiológico. Se realizó una segunda resonancia magnética 4 meses después, sin cambios significativos.

Abstract: This paper contextualizes the variants of the symbolism of the head in use among the Reche, which was the ethnic name for the original inhabitants of southern Chile until the eighteenth century, today named Mapuche. Information is provided in intracultural terms while exposing its transcultural background. We explore the ‘semiotic constellations’ associated with this symbolism. That is, we read series of meaning relationships that make sense to the practice of taking heads of enemies killed in war, the ritual of beheading the prisoners, the use of their skulls as trophies and ceremonial instruments, and the preservation or burial of the heads of relatives and brethren for the reproduction of the social group. The recurrence and persistence of these practices among Amerindian groups in the Southern Cone, as well as the systems of representations about them, show the symbolism of the head of the Reche Mapuche as part of a Pan-Andean and Amazonian cultural pattern. This means that a cotradition around this cultural pattern has developed in this macro region.

Resumen: El artículo contextualiza en términos intraculturales y expone antecedentes transculturales de las variantes del simbolismo de la cabeza en uso entre los reche, etnónimo con el que hasta el siglo XVIII se autodesignan los pobladores originarios del área centro sur del territorio chileno, hoy denominados mapuche. En él exploramos las “constelaciones semióticas” asociadas a este simbolismo. Es decir, leemos series de relaciones de significación que dan sentido a las prácticas de tomar las cabezas de los enemigos muertos en combate, decapitar ritualmente a los prisioneros, usar sus cráneos como trofeos e instrumentos ceremoniales y la conservación o entierro de las testas de parientes y correligionarios para la reproducción del grupo social. La recurrencia y persistencia de estas prácticas entre los grupos amerindios del Cono Sur, así como de los sistemas de representaciones que las contienen, muestran que el simbolismo de la cabeza de los reche-mapuche se inscribe en un patrón cultural panandino y amazónico, en torno al cual se ha desarrollado una cotradición en esta macrorregión.

Background: Although cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an impaired cognitive function, the impact of diabetes on cognitive function in Chilean adults is unknown. Aim: To investigate the association of diabetes or family history of the disease with cognitive impairment in older adults. Materials and Methods: Data from the 2009-2010 Chilean National Health Survey including 1,384 participants aged ≥ 60 years were included in this study. A score below 13 points for the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was considered an indication of cognitive impairment. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between MMSE, diabetes and family history of the disease. Results: Cognitive impairment increased with age (Odds ratio (OR): 1.83 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.53; 2.19], p < 0.01, per 5 years increment in age). This trend was greater in individuals with diabetes (OR: 2.37 [95% CI: 1.68; 3.35], p < 0.01) compared to those without the disease. A similar trend was identified among individuals with a family history of diabetes compared to those without. Conclusions: Older adults with diabetes are more susceptible to develop cognitive impairment.

The use of live feed is common in aquaculture processes due to its nutritional advantages, and rotifers comprise one of the most used feeds in finfish aquaculture. However, bacteria present in water used for rotifer culture are a significant source of infection and consequently diseases could cause mortality in fishes. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) are methods that may be useful to eliminate bacterial infections present in aquaculture wastewater and may allow the reuse of this water. Therefore, the prospect of using different advanced oxidation processes to inactivate Vibrio spp. and total bacteria cultures (TCB) present in this kind of water was evaluated. In particular, UVc/O3/H2O2, UVc/H2O2 and O3/H2O2 and the adsorption process were applied to seawater coming from a fish farming tank. The results obtained were highly promising because it was possible to inactivate 100% of bacteria present in the seawater when UVc/ozone/hydrogen peroxide and UVc/hydrogen peroxide were applied, needing around 20 and 80 min for Vibrio spp. and total culturable bacteria inactivation, respectively. These results are justified due to the strong action between H2O2 in the presence of UVc, which may produce a large amount of hydroxyl radicals. Nevertheless, when ozone/hydrogen peroxide was applied, total inactivation of bacteria did not occur. Also, an interesting relationship between bacteria inactivation and oxide reduction potential of seawater was observed during the process. Rotifers put in water after the treatment did not suffer behavior changes (swimming) and no mortalities were observed.

El uso de organismos vivos como alimento es común en la acuicultura, debido a sus ventajas nutricionales. Los rotíferos constituyen uno de los alimentos principales en el cultivo de peces. Sin embargo, las bacterias presentes en aguas utilizadas en el cultivo de rotíferos son una fuente importante de infección y pueden causar enfermedades y mortalidad en peces. Los procesos de oxidación avanzados son métodos útiles para eliminar bacterias presentes en aguas residuales de la acuicultura, permitiendo su reutilización. Se evaluó la inactivación de Vibrio spp. y bacterias cultivables totales presentes en aguas residuales de la acuicultura a través procesos de oxidación avanzados. Particularmente, se estudió la aplicación de UVc/O3/H2O2, UVc/H2Ü2 y O3/H2O2 junto a procesos de adsorción aplicados a agua proveniente de un estanque de cultivo de peces. Los resultados obtenidos son muy prometedores debido a que fue posible inactivar el 100% de bacterias presentes cuando se utilizó UVc/O3/H2O2 y UVc/H2O2, requiriendo 20 y 80 min para la inactivación de Vibrio spp. y bacterias cultivables totales, respectivamente. Estos resultados se explican debido a la acción entre H2O2 y UVc, que produce una gran cantidad de radicales hidroxilo, que son la base de estos procesos. Sin embargo, cuando se aplicó O3/H2O2 no se observó una inactivación elevada de bacterias. También se apreció una relación entre la inactivación bacteriana y el potencial óxido reductor en el agua luego de los procesos de oxidación. Los rotíferos sometidos al agua tratada no sufrieron cambios de comportamiento ni se observaron mortalidades.

OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a questionnaire for assessing attitudes and knowledge about patient safety using a sample of medical and nursing students undergoing clinical training in Spain and four countries in Latin America. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a literature review was carried out and total of 786 medical and nursing students were surveyed at eight universities from five countries (Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Spain) to develop and refine a Spanish-language questionnaire on knowledge and attitudes about patient safety. The scope of the questionnaire was based on five dimensions (factors) presented in studies related to patient safety culture found in PubMed and Scopus. Based on the five factors, 25 reactive items were developed. Composite reliability indexes and Cronbach's alpha statistics were estimatedfor each factor, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess validity. After a pilot test, the questionnaire was refined using confirmatory models, maximum-likelihood estimation, and the variance-covariance matrix (as input). Multiple linear regression models were used to confirm external validity, considering variables related to patient safety culture as dependent variables and the five factors as independent variables. RESULTS: The final instrument was a structured five-point Likert self-administered survey (the "Latino Student Patient Safety Questionnaire") consisting of 21 items grouped into five factors. Compound reliability indexes (Cronbach's alpha statistic) calculated for the five factors were about 0.7 or higher. The results of the multiple linear regression analyses indicated good model fit (goodness-of-fit index: 0.9). Item-total correlations were higher than 0.3 in all cases. The convergent-discriminant validity was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire designed and validated in this study assesses nursing and medical students' attitudes and knowledge about patient safety. This instrument could be used to indirectly evaluate whether or not students in health disciplines are acquiring and thus likely to put into practice the professional skills currently considered most appropriate for patient safety.

OBJETIVO: Diseñar y validar un cuestionario de evaluación de las actitudes y los conocimientos en materia de seguridad del paciente con una muestra de estudiantes de medicina y enfermería que reciben formación médica en Espana y en cuatro países de América Latina. MÉTODOS: En este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica y se encuestó a un total de 786 estudiantes de medicina y enfermería de ocho universidades de cinco países (Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Espana y Guatemala) con objeto de elaborar y corregir un cuestionario en espanol sobre conocimientos y actitudes en materia de seguridad del paciente. El ámbito del cuestionario se basó en cinco dimensiones (factores) presentadas en estudios relacionados con la cultura de la seguridad del paciente encontrados en PubMed y Scopus. Con base en los cinco factores, se elaboraron 25 ítems reactivos. Se calcularon los índices de fiabilidad compuesta y alfa de Cronbach para cada factor, y se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para evaluar la validez. Tras una prueba piloto se corrigió el cuestionario mediante modelos confirmatorios, el cálculo de la máxima probabilidad y la matriz de variancia-covariancia (como insumo). Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para confirmar la validez externa, considerando las variables relacionadas con la cultura de seguridad del paciente como variables dependientes y los cinco factores como variables independientes. RESULTADOS: El instrumento final fue una encuesta autoadministrada mediante escala de Likert estructurada en cinco puntos ("Cuestionario de Seguridad del Paciente para Estudiantes Latinos"), que consta de 21 ítems agrupados en cinco factores. Los índices de fiabilidad compuesta (prueba estadística de alfa de Cronbach) calculados para los cinco factores fueron aproximadamente de 0,7 o superiores. Los resultados de los análisis de regresión lineal múltiple indicaron un buen ajuste del modelo (índice de bondad de ajuste: 0,9). Las correlaciones ítem-total fueron superiores a 0,3 en todos los casos. La validez convergente y discriminatoria fue adecuada. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario disenado y validado en este estudio evalúa las actitudes y los conocimientos de los estudiantes de enfermería y medicina en materia de seguridad del paciente. Este instrumento podría utilizarse para evaluar indirectamente si los estudiantes de disciplinas de la salud están adquiriendo, y por lo tanto, es probable que pongan en práctica, las habilidades profesionales consideradas actualmente como más apropiadas para la seguridad del paciente.

Introduction: Morbid obesity is a disease that must be treated comprehensively (i.e. multi/interdisciplinary). Bariatric surgery is an effective and secure procedure for treating this health condition; however, the higher the weight is, the greater the risk of morbimortality might be. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of a multidisciplinary treatment program on metabolic and anthropometric parameters and the physical condition of bariatric surgery candidates. Materials and Methods: 1 man and 9 women of ~42.5 years old, with morbid obesity (n = 3) or obesity and comorbilities (diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance) (n = 7), all of them candidates for bariatric surgery, were submitted to physical exercise, psychological support and nutritional education, 3 times a week during 3 months. 72 hours before and after the last intervention session: body mass; fat mass index; BMI; waist circumference; physical condition; glycemia; HDL, LDL and total cholesterol; and triglycerides, were assessed (with a ≥12-hour fast). Results: After intervention, body mass (p=0.004), BMI (p=0.002), fat mass index (p=0.047) and physical condition (p=0.000) showed significant changes. Despite their tendency to decrease, remaining variables did not show significant changes. Conclusions: A comprehensive reasonable-frequent, short intervention (i.e. 3 sessions per week, during 3 months) may lead to significant weight and body fat loss, apart from enhancing considerably the physical condition of candidates for bariatric surgery. Longer time and/ or higher frequency in interventions might be necessary in order to modify significantly plasmatic variables.

Introduccion: la obesidad morbida es una enfermedad que debe ser tratada de forma integral (i.e., multi/ interdisciplinar). Para esta condicion la cirugia bariatrica es efectiva y segura en el tratamiento, sin embargo, a mayor peso preoperatorio podria aumentar la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es determinar los efectos de un programa de tratamiento interdisciplinar sobre parametros metabolicos, antropometricos y la condicion fisica en candidatos a cirugia bariatrica. Material y metodos: un hombre y nueve mujeres con un promedio de 42,5 anos de edad con obesidad morbida (n = 3) u obesidad y comorbilidades (diabetes mellitus tipo II, hipertension arterial, dislipidemia, resistencia a la insulina) (n=7) candidatos a cirugia bariatrica, fueron sometidos a ejercicio fisico, apoyo psicologico y educacion nutricional, tres veces por semana durante tres meses. Antes y 72 horas despues de la ultima sesion de intervencion se evaluo (en ayuno ≥12 horas): masa corporal, porcentaje de masa grasa, imc, perimetro de cintura, condicion fisica, glicemia, colesterol total, colesterol hdl, colesterol ldl y trigliceridos. Resultados: posterior a la intervencion la masa corporal (p=0,004), el imc (p=0,002), el porcentaje de masa grasa (p=0,047) y la condicion fisica (p=0,000) presentaron cambios significativos. las demas variables dependientes no presentaron cambios significativos, aunque tendieron a disminuir. Conclusiones: una intervencion integral de frecuencia moderada y corta duracion (i.e., tres sesiones/semana durante tres meses) permitiría reducir significativamente el peso y la grasa corporal, además de mejorar considerablemente la condición física en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. una mayor duración y/o frecuencia de intervención podría ser necesaria para modificar significativamente variables plasmáticas.

Estudo de análise crítica da documentação ministerial, formal e oficial, da educação física chilena. Neste trabalho, consideramos um total de 25 documentos que abrangem o ensino fundamental e médio. Ao analisar o conteúdo de caráter indutivo, onde temos caracterizado a Educação Física chilena como um assunto do currículo escolar, cuja finalidade mais importante consiste em ensinar a movimentar-se melhor, isso sob uma abordagem biomédica do conceito de saúde e uma ênfase exagerada no ensino dos esportes. Tudo isso acompanhado de uma tentativa superficial para construir uma educação física crítica que atenda as desigualdades sociais no país.

Critical analysis study about official, formal and ministerial documentation related to physical education in Chile. In this study, 25 documents have been taken into account (primary and secondary education). Via an inductive content analysis, we describe Chilean physical education as a subject, in the school curriculum, mainly focused on trying to teach children to have better movements, following a biomedical approach and an excessive emphasis on teaching sports. This is done with a superficial attempt to build a critical physical education that addresses the social inequalities in the country.

Estudio de análisis crítico sobre la documentación ministerial, formal y oficial, sobre la Educación Física chilena. En dicho trabajo hemos considerado un total de 25 documentos que abarcan tanto la educación básica como media. Mediante el análisis de contenido de carácter inductivo hemos caracterizado la Educación Física chilena como una asignatura del currículum escolar cuya finalidad más importante consiste en enseñar a moverse mejor, ello bajo un enfoque biomédico del concepto de salud y un excesivo énfasis en la enseñanza de los deportes. Y todo esto acompañado de un intento superficial por construir una educación física crítica que atienda a las desigualdades sociales presentes en el país.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are widely used as tools for improving quality of health care. Guidelines developed elsewhere, can be adapted using a valid and systematic process. Aim: To describe the methodology used in the process of adaptation of a guideline for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a private health care organization. Material and Methods: We used the ADAPTE framework involving three main phases. At the set-up phase a guideline adaptation group integrated by medical specialists from different disciplines, a methodologist and a nurse coordinator was formed. At the adaptation phase, the specific clinical questions to be addressed by the guidelines were identified. Results: Twenty five guidelines were initially retrieved. After their assessment, the number was reduced to only three. Recommendations from these guidelines were 'mapped' and focused searches were carried out where 'evidence gaps' were identified. An initial draft was written and revised by the adaptation group. At the finalization phase, the external review of the guideline was carried out and a process for the regular review and update of the adapted guideline was defined. Conclusions: We developed a guideline for the management of adults with CAP, adapted to the local context of our health care system, using guidelines developed elsewhere. This guideline creation method can be an efficient means of saving professional resources.

The aim of the study was to evaluate Eucalyptus nitens as raw material for the production of particleboards. Wood density and particle size, slenderness and pH-value were controlled. Bending strength, internal bond, density, thickness swelling and water absorption after 2 and 24 hours of particleboards with densities between 450 and 750 kg/m³, were determined. Correlations between board density and properties were calculated. The wood and particle characteristics as well as the obtained board properties proved that Eucalyptus nitens could be used for the particleboard production. As board density increases, higher mechanical properties were founded. Thickness swelling and water absorption decreased as density of particleboard increased. High correlation factors (> 0,7) between dependent variables (thickness swelling, absorption, bending strength and IB) and board density were obtained. Due to swelling is a critical property, we recommend the addition of a wax emulsion and a catalyst in the middle layer of the particleboard.

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la madera de Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden como materia prima para tableros de partículas. Se controlaron la densidad de la madera, las dimensiones de las partículas obtenidas, el coeficiente de esbeltez y el valor pH de las partículas. Se fabricaron tableros con densidades entre 450 y 750 kg/m³ y se determinaron las propiedades flexión, tracción perpendicular, densidad de los tableros, hinchamiento y absorción de agua a las 2 y 24 horas. Se calculó el grado de correlación de las distintas propiedades del tablero con la densidad de los mismos. Las características de la madera, de las partículas y las propiedades de los tableros demuestran que la madera de Eucalyptus nitens es apta para ser utilizada en la fabricación de estos aglomerados. A medida que aumenta la densidad del tablero se provoca un aumento en las propiedades mecánicas. El hinchamiento y la absorción de agua mejoran con aumentos de la densidad. El análisis de correlación entre las propiedades dependientes (hinchamiento, absorción, flexión y tracción) y la densidad del tablero arrojó coeficientes de correlación mayores a 0,7. La propiedad crítica es el hinchamiento, por lo que se recomienda agregar una emulsión de cera y un catalizador en el adhesivo de la capa central.